Dancers motions were consistent. Maximum pelvis range of motion for the plié, grand battement, and développé were 8.0, 42, and 50 degrees respectively. This represents usable benchmarks with which other dancers may be compared, for example, those who are at different levels of training, injured, predisposed to injury, or recovering from injury. Early recognition of pathologic movement patterns could benefit professional and amateur dancers by helping to prevent injuries, and potentially improve the quality and length of their careers. Copyright (c) 2020 by ASME.Soft biological tissues consist of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM), a network of diverse proteins, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans that surround the cells. The cells actively sense the surrounding ECM and regulate its mechanical state. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tegatrabetan.html Cell-seeded collagen or fibrin gels, so-called tissue equivalents, are simple but powerful model systems to study this phenomenon. Nevertheless, few quantitative studies document the stresses that cells establish and maintain in such gels; moreover, most prior data were collected via uniaxial experiments whereas soft tissues are mainly subject to multiaxial loading in vivo. To begin to close this gap between existing experimental data and in vivo conditions, we describe here a computer-controlled bioreactor that enables accurate measurements of the evolution of mechanical tension and deformation of tissue equivalents under well-controlled biaxial loads. This device allows diverse studies, including how cells establish a homeostatic state of biaxial stress and if they maintain it in response to mechanical perturbations. It similarly allows, for example, studies of the impact of cell and matrix density, exogenous growth factors and cytokines, and different types of loading conditions (uniaxial, strip-biaxial, and biaxial) on these processes. As illustrative results, we show that NIH/3T3 fibroblasts establish a homeostatic mechanical state that depends on cell density and collagen concentration. Following perturbations from this homeostatic state, the cells were able to recover biaxial loading similar to homeostatic. Depending on the precise loads, however, they were not always able to fully maintain that state. Copyright (c) 2020 by ASME.BACKGROUND WHO guidelines recommend concurrent iron and antimalarial treatment in children with malaria and iron deficiency, but iron may not be well absorbed or utilized during a malaria episode. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether starting iron 28 d after antimalarial treatment in children with severe malaria and iron deficiency would improve iron status and lower malaria risk. METHODS We conducted a randomized clinical trial on the effect of immediate compared with delayed iron treatment in Ugandan children 18 mo-5 y of age with 2 forms of severe malaria cerebral malaria (CM; n&nbsp;=&nbsp;79) or severe malarial anemia (SMA; n&nbsp;=&nbsp;77). Asymptomatic community children (CC; n&nbsp;=&nbsp;83) were enrolled as a comparison group. Children with iron deficiency, defined as zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) ? 80 ?mol/mol heme, were randomly assigned to receive a 3-mo course of daily oral ferrous sulfate (2 mg ? kg-1 ? d-1) either concurrently with antimalarial treatment (immediate arm) or 28 d after receiving antimalarial treatment (delaov as NCT01093989. Copyright © The Author(s) 2020.Evidence suggests that the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is active during the critical period for sexual differentiation of the ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus, which occurs between gestational day (GD) 60 and 90. Two possible neuropeptides that could activate the fetal HPG axis are kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB). We used GD85 fetal lambs to determine whether i.v. administration of kisspeptin-10 (KP-10) or senktide (NKB agonist) could elicit LH release. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) were employed to localize these peptides in brains of GD60 and 85 lamb fetuses. In anesthetized fetuses, KP-10 elicited robust release of LH that was accompanied by a delayed rise in serum testosterone in males. Pretreatment with the GnRH receptor antagonist (acyline) abolished the LH response to KP-10 confirming a hypothalamic site of action. In unanesthetized fetuses, senktide, as well as KP-10, elicited LH release. The senktide response of females was greater than that of males indicating a difference in NKB sensitivity between sexes. GnRH also induced a greater LH discharge in females than in males indicating that testosterone negative feedback is mediated through pituitary gonadotrophs. Kisspeptin and NKB-immunoreactive cells in the arcuate nucleus were more abundant in females than in males. Greater than 85% of arcuate kisspeptin cells co-stained for NKB. FISH revealed that the majority of these were kisspeptin/NKB/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons. These results support the hypothesis that kisspeptin-GnRH signaling regulates the reproductive axis of the ovine fetus during the prenatal critical period acting to maintain a stable androgen milieu necessary for brain masculinization. © Endocrine Society 2020. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.The understanding of strain rate dependent mechanical properties of the skin are important for accurate prediction of its biomechanics under different loading conditions. The present study investigated the effect of strain rate i.e. 0.025/s (low), 0.5/s (medium) and 1.25/s (high), ranging in the physiological loading rate of connective tissue, on the stress relaxation response of the porcine dermis. Results show that in the initial phase of the relaxation, the value of stress relaxation (extent of relaxation) was found higher for high strain rate, whereas the equilibrium stress was found strain rate independent. A Mooney-Rivlin based five-term quasilinear viscoelastic model was proposed to determine the effect of strain-rate on the stress relaxation behavior of the porcine dermis. The value of relaxation modulus G1 and G2 were found higher for the high strain rate, whereas the reverse trend was observed for G3, G4, and G5. Further, the value of time constants t1, t2, t3, t4 and t5 were found higher for low strain rate.